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Historical Development of Human Rights

 Ancient period

1-In ancient Greece, philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle pondered the nature of justice and the role of individuals within society.

2-In India, the principles of Dharma in Hinduism and the teachings of Ahimsa (non-violence) in Jainism significantly contributed to the early understanding of human rights .Ancient Indian texts like the Vedas, Upanishads and the Arthashastra of Kautilya contain references to the duties of rulers and the rights of subjects, highlighting an early recognition of the need for just governance and the protection of individual rights

Medieval period

During the medieval period, the notion of human rights continued to evolve.Some of the major historical contributions include the Magna Carta of 1215, the Bill of Rights of 1688,petition of rights, Habeas Corpus act, etc.

1-The Magna Carta, signed in 1215: is a landmark document in this regard. Although primarily a political agreement between King John of England and his barons, the Magna Carta enshrined certain fundamental liberties, such as the right to a fair trial and protection from arbitrary imprisonment.

2-The Petition of Right 1628 : Considered another charter of liberty, it stipulated that individuals imprisoned by the king should be bailed or released, with judges disregarding the king's judgment.

3-Habeas Corpus Act 1679 : Enacted during the reign of Charles II in England, this act aimed to secure the liberty of subjects and prevent imprisonment beyond the seas. It ensured that individuals unlawfully detained could seek release through a writ of habeas corpus.

4-Bill of Rights 1689 : Declared the rights and liberties of subjects and established the succession of the crown. It was enacted during the accession of William of Orange and Mary to the throne of England, solidifying the shift from the Stuart dynasty.

5-League of Nations 1919 :

1-Came into existence after World War I in 1919.

2-Notable for its continuous efforts in promoting the signing of the Anti-Slavery Convention in 1922.

3-Member states committed to abolishing slavery within their territories.

4-Included an advisory committee on traffic in women, children ,child welfare, and refugees

Modern period

*International Instruments:

1-UN Charter 1945

2-Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

3-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

4-International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966

5-International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1966